LINQ Samples

By VVSN Murthy, published on 31 Oct 2011 Category: LINQ

This article provides various LINQ Techinques using sample data. Around 79 examples provided with results covering most of the LINQ Operators and Techniques.

Introduction

This tutorial provides samples for LINQ to objects queries. The examples created and consolidated with sample data similar to MSDN LINQ 101 Samples but with ease, simple and more user-friendly. There are 79 samples provided in this tutorial. Consolidated Code is provided at the beginning itself.

LINQ Samples Classification

Restriction Operators

Projection Operators

Partioning Operators

Ordering Operators

Grouping Operators

Conversion Operators

Element Operators

Generation Operators

Quantifiers

Aggregate Operators

Concat/SequenceEqual Operators

Join Operations

LINQ Execution

Code Examples

LINQSamples.cs file (Code for Employee, Department Classes and Data, LINQ Sample Methods)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace CSharpSamples
{
 public class Employee
 {
 public int ID { get; set; }
 public string Name { get; set; }
 public string Department { get; set; }
 public double Salary { get; set; }
 public DateTime DateOfJoining { get; set; }
 }

 public class Department
 {
 public int ID { get; set; }
 public string Name { get; set; }
 }

 public class CaseInsensitiveComparer : IComparer<string>
 {
 public int Compare(string x, string y)
 {
 return string.Compare(x, y, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
 }
 }

 public class LINQSamples
 {
 public List<Employee> EmployeeList { get; set; }

 public List<Department> DepartmentList { get; set; }

 public LINQSamples()
 {
 this.EmployeeList = GetEmployeeList();
 this.DepartmentList = GetDepartmentList();
 }

 public List<Employee> GetEmployeeList()
 {
 List<Employee> employeeList = new List<Employee>()
 {
 new Employee() 
 { 
  ID = 1,
  Name = 'Anil', 
  Department = 'Information Technology', 
  Salary = 20000, 
  DateOfJoining = new DateTime(2006, 09, 11) 
 },
 new Employee() 
 { 
  ID = 2, 
  Name = 'Prasad', 
  Department = 'Information Technology', 
  Salary = 25000, 
  DateOfJoining = new DateTime(2005, 12, 1) 
 },
 new Employee() 
 { 
  ID = 3, 
  Name = 'Mohan', 
  Department = 'Information Technology', 
  Salary = 50000, 
  DateOfJoining = new DateTime(2003, 5, 18) 
 },
 new Employee() 
 { 
  ID = 4,
  Name = 'Praveen', 
  Department = 'Finance', 
  Salary = 22000, 
  DateOfJoining = new DateTime(2010, 2, 10) 
 },
 new Employee() 
 { 
  ID = 5, 
  Name = 'Ravi', 
  Department = 'Finance', 
  Salary = 40000, 
  DateOfJoining = new DateTime(2007, 6, 16) 
 },
 new Employee() 
 { 
  ID = 6, 
  Name = 'Krishna', 
  Department = 'Human Resources', 
  Salary = 80000, 
  DateOfJoining = new DateTime(2003, 5, 18) 
 },
 new Employee() 
 { 
  ID = 7, 
  Name = 'Avinash', 
  Department = 'Human Resources', 
  Salary = 32000, 
  DateOfJoining = new DateTime(2011, 3, 24) 
 },
 new Employee() 
 { 
  ID = 8, 
  Name = 'Pankaj', 
  Department = 'Admin', 
  Salary = 28000, 
  DateOfJoining = new DateTime(2009, 4, 9) 
 },
 new Employee() 
 { 
  ID = 9, 
  Name = 'Narendra', 
  Department = 'Admin', 
  Salary = 18000, 
  DateOfJoining = new DateTime(2008, 11, 19) 
 },
 new Employee() 
 { 
  ID = 10, 
  Name = 'Kumar', 
  Department = 'Admin', 
  Salary = 10000, 
  DateOfJoining = new DateTime(2011, 09, 8) 
 }
 };

 return employeeList;
 }

 public List<Department> GetDepartmentList()
 {
 List<Department> departmentList = new List<Department>()
 {
 new Department() 
 { 
  ID = 1, 
  Name = 'Admin'
 },
 new Department() 
 { 
  ID = 2, 
  Name = 'Finance' 
 },
 new Department() 
 { 
  ID = 3, 
  Name = 'Human Resources' 
 },
 new Department() 
 { 
  ID = 4, 
  Name = 'Information Technology'
 },
 new Department() 
 { 
  ID = 5, 
  Name = 'Sales'
 }
 };

 return departmentList;
 }

 public string FormatEmployeeInformation(Employee emp)
 {
 return string.Format('ID: {0} Name: {1} Department: {2} Salary: {3} DOJ: {4}',
  emp.ID, emp.Name, emp.Department, emp.Salary, emp.DateOfJoining.ToString('dd-MMM-yyyy'));
 }

 #region Restriction Operators

 // Where - Sample 1
 public void Linq1()
 {
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var lowNums = from n in numbers
  where n < 6
  select n;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers < 6:');
 foreach (var x in lowNums)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(x);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Where - Sample 2
 public void Linq2()
 {
 var empWithSal10K = from e in EmployeeList
  where e.Salary == 10000
  select e;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees having Salary equals to 10000:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in empWithSal10K)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Where - Sample 3
 public void Linq3()
 {
 var employeesJoinedAfter2009WithMoreThan15K = from e in EmployeeList
    where e.DateOfJoining > new DateTime(2009, 12, 31)
    && e.Salary > 15000
    select e;
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees joined after 2009 and having salary more than 15000:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in employeesJoinedAfter2009WithMoreThan15K)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Where - Indexed
 public void Linq4()
 {
 string[] digits = { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' };

 var shortDigits = digits.Where((digit, index) => digit.Length < index);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Digits List: { \'zero\', \'one\', \'two\', \'three\', \'four\', \'five\', \'six\', \'seven\', \'eight\', \'nine\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Short digits:');
 foreach (var d in shortDigits)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('The word {0} is shorter than its value.', d);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 #endregion

 #region Projection Operators

 // Select - Sample 1
 public void Linq5()
 {
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var numsPlusOne = from n in numbers
  select n   1;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers   1:');
 foreach (var i in numsPlusOne)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(i);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Select - Sample 2
 public void Linq6()
 {
 var employeeNames = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Name;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of Employees:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var empName in employeeNames)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(empName);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Select - Transformation
 public void Linq7()
 {
 int[] numbers = { 4, 5, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 string[] strings = { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' };

 var textNums = from n in numbers
  select strings[n];

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 4, 5, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine('Strings List: { \'zero\', \'one\', \'two\', \'three\', \'four\', \'five\', \'six\', \'seven\', \'eight\', \'nine\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Number strings:');
 foreach (var s in textNums)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(s);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Select - Anonymous Types 1
 public void Linq8()
 {
 string[] words = { 'MicroSOFT', 'GooGle', 'aDOBE', 'aPPle' };

 var upperLowerWords = from w in words
   select new
   {
   Upper = w.ToUpper(),
   Lower = w.ToLower()
   };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'MicroSOFT\', \'GooGle\', \'aDOBE\', \'aPPle\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var ul in upperLowerWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('UPPERCASE: {0}\t lowercase: {1}', ul.Upper, ul.Lower);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Select - Anonymous Types 2
 public void Linq9()
 {
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 string[] strings = { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' };

 var digitOddEvens = from n in numbers
  select new
  {
   Digit = strings[n],
   Even = (n % 2 == 0)
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Even/Odd Check:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var d in digitOddEvens)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('The digit {0} is {1}.', d.Digit, d.Even ? 'even' : 'odd');
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Select - Anonymous Types 3
 public void Linq10()
 {
 var employeesInfo = from e in EmployeeList
  select new
  {
   e.Name,
   e.Department,
   Salary = e.Salary
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees Info:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var empInfo in employeesInfo)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('<{0}> is in the Department <{1}> and having salary <{2}>.', empInfo.Name, empInfo.Department, empInfo.Salary);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Select - Indexed
 public void Linq11()
 {
 int[] numbers = { 4, 5, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var numsInPlace = numbers.Select((num, index) => new { Num = num, InPlace = (num == index) });

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 4, 5, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Number: In-Place?');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in numsInPlace)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('{0}: {1}', n.Num, n.InPlace);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Select - Filtered
 public void Linq12()
 {
 var employeesInfo = from e in EmployeeList
  where e.Salary > 20000
  select e;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees having Salary > 20000:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in employeesInfo)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // SelectMany - Compound from 1
 public void Linq13()
 {
 int[] numbersA = { 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 };
 int[] numbersB = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 };

 var pairs = from a in numbersA
  from b in numbersB
  where a < b
  select new { a, b };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Set A: { 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 }');
 Console.WriteLine('Set B: { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Pairs where a < b:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var pair in pairs)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('{0} is less than {1}', pair.a, pair.b);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // SelectMany - Compound from 2
 public void Linq14()
 {
 int[] salaries = { 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 };

 var empSalaries = from e in EmployeeList
  from s in salaries
  where e.Salary > s
  select new
  {
   e.Name,
   e.Salary,
   s
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Salary Comparision with the Set: { 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var item in empSalaries)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(item.Name   ' Salary('   item.Salary   ') is more than '   item.s.ToString());
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // SelectMany - Multiple from
 public void Linq15()
 {
 int[] salaries = { 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 };

 var empSalaries = from e in EmployeeList
  where e.Name.ToUpper().StartsWith('P')
  from s in salaries
  where e.Salary > s
  select new
  {
   e.Name,
   e.Salary,
   s
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Salary Comparision of Employees whose names start with \'P\' with the Set: { 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var item in empSalaries)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(item.Name   ' Salary('   item.Salary   ') is more than '   item.s.ToString());
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 #endregion

 #region Partitioning Operators

 // Take - Sample
 public void Linq16()
 {
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var first4Numbers = numbers.Take(4);


 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First 4 Numbers:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in first4Numbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // TakeWhile - Sample
 public void Linq17()
 {

 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var firstNumbersLessThan7 = numbers.TakeWhile(n => n < 7);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First Numbers less than 7:');
 foreach (var n in firstNumbersLessThan7)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // TakeWhile - Indexed
 public void Linq18()
 {

 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var firstSmallNumbers = numbers.TakeWhile((n, index) => n >= index);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First numbers not less than their position:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in firstSmallNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Skip - Sample
 public void Linq19()
 {

 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var allButFirst3Numbers = numbers.Skip(3);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All but first 3 numbers:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in allButFirst3Numbers)
 {

 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // SkipWhile - Sample
 public void Linq20()
 {

 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var allButFirst3Numbers = numbers.SkipWhile(n => n % 3 != 0);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All elements starting from first element divisible by 3:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in allButFirst3Numbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // SkipWhile - Indexed
 public void Linq21()
 {
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var laterNumbers = numbers.SkipWhile((n, index) => n >= index);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All elements starting from first element greater than than its position:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in laterNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 #endregion

 #region Ordering Operators

 // OrderBy - Sample 1
 public void Linq22()
 {
 string[] words = { 'Microsoft', 'Google', 'Adobe', 'Apple', 'IBM' };

 var sortedWords = from w in words
  orderby w
  select w;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'Microsoft\', \'Google\', \'Adobe\', \'Apple\', \'IBM\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sorted list of words:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var w in sortedWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // OrderBy - Sample 2
 public void Linq23()
 {
 var sortedEmployees = from e in EmployeeList
   orderby e.Name
   select e;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees List in Name Ascending Order:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in sortedEmployees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // OrderBy - Comparer
 public void Linq24()
 {
 string[] words = { 'aPPLE', 'AbAcUs', 'bRaNcH', 'BlUeBeRrY', 'ClOvEr', 'cHeRry' };

 var sortedWords = words.OrderBy(a => a, new CaseInsensitiveComparer());

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'aPPLE\', \'AbAcUs\', \'bRaNcH\', \'BlUeBeRrY\', \'ClOvEr\', \'cHeRry\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sorted(A-Z) list of words:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var w in sortedWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // OrderByDescending - Sample 1
 public void Linq25()
 {
 double[] doubles = { 3.2, 1.3, 5.9, 7.1, 4.7 };

 var sortedDoubles = from d in doubles
  orderby d descending
  select d;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Decimals: { 3.2, 1.3, 5.9, 7.1, 4.7 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The doubles from highest to lowest:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var d in sortedDoubles)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(d);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // OrderByDescending - Sample 2
 public void Linq26()
 {
 var sortedEmployees = from e in EmployeeList
   orderby e.Salary descending
   select e;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees List from Highest to Lowest Salary:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in sortedEmployees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // OrderByDescending - Comparer
 public void Linq27()
 {
 string[] words = { 'aPPLE', 'AbAcUs', 'bRaNcH', 'BlUeBeRrY', 'ClOvEr', 'cHeRry' };

 var sortedWords = words.OrderByDescending(a => a, new CaseInsensitiveComparer());

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'aPPLE\', \'AbAcUs\', \'bRaNcH\', \'BlUeBeRrY\', \'ClOvEr\', \'cHeRry\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sorted(Z-A) list of words:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var w in sortedWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // ThenBy - Sample
 public void Linq28()
 {
 string[] digits = { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' };

 var sortedDigits = digits.OrderBy(d => d.Length).ThenBy(d => d);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'zero\', \'one\', \'two\', \'three\', \'four\', \'five\', \'six\', \'seven\', \'eight\', \'nine\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Sorted Words first by length and then by Alphabetical order:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var d in sortedDigits)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(d);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // ThenBy - Comparer
 public void Linq29()
 {
 string[] words = { 'apple', 'abacus', 'branch', 'blueberry', 'clover', 'cherry' };

 var sortedWords = words.OrderBy(a => a.Length)
   .ThenBy(a => a, new CaseInsensitiveComparer());

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'apple\', \'abacus\', \'branch\', \'blueberry\', \'clover\', \'cherry\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sorted list of words first by length and next by alphabetical order(A-Z):');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var w in sortedWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // ThenByDescending - Sample
 public void Linq30()
 {
 var sortedEmployees = from e in EmployeeList
   orderby e.Department, e.Salary descending
   select e;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees List in Department Ascending Order and Salary Descending Order:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in sortedEmployees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // ThenByDescending - Comparer
 public void Linq31()
 {
 string[] words = { 'apple', 'abacus', 'branch', 'blueberry', 'clover', 'cherry' };

 var sortedWords = words.OrderBy(a => a.Length)
   .ThenByDescending(a => a, new CaseInsensitiveComparer());

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'apple\', \'abacus\', \'branch\', \'blueberry\', \'clover\', \'cherry\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sorted list of words first by length ascending and next by alphabetical order descending(Z-A):');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var w in sortedWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Reverse
 public void Linq32()
 {
 string[] digits = { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' };

 var reversedIDigits = (from d in digits
   where d[1] == 'i'
   select d).Reverse();


 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'zero\', \'one\', \'two\', \'three\', \'four\', \'five\', \'six\', \'seven\', \'eight\', \'nine\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('A backwards list of the digits with a second character of 'i':');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var d in reversedIDigits)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(d);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 #endregion

 #region Grouping Operators

 // GroupBy - Sample 1
 public void Linq33()
 {
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var numberGroups = from n in numbers
  group n by n % 4 into g
  select new
  {
   Remainder = g.Key,
   Numbers = g
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Numbers: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var g in numberGroups)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers with a remainder of {0} when divided by 5:', g.Remainder);
 foreach (var n in g.Numbers)
 {
  Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();


 string[] words = { 'blueberry', 'chimpanzee', 'abacus', 'banana', 'apple', 'cheese' };

 var wordGroups = from w in words
  group w by w[0] into g
  select new
  {
   FirstLetter = g.Key,
   Words = g
  };

 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'blueberry\', \'chimpanzee\', \'abacus\', \'banana\', \'apple\', \'cheese\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var g in wordGroups)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('Words that start with the letter '{0}':', g.FirstLetter);
 foreach (var w in g.Words)
 {
  Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // GroupBy - Sample 2
 public void Linq34()
 {
 var deptEmployees = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into Employees
  select new
  {
   Department = Employees.Key,
   Employees
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Departmentwise Employees List:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmployees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('Department: '   dept.Department);
 foreach (var emp in dept.Employees)
 {
  Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // GroupBy - Nested
 public void Linq35()
 {
 var deptEmployees = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into DEPTGRPS
  orderby DEPTGRPS.Key
  select new
  {
   Dept = DEPTGRPS.Key,
   DeptGroups = from e1 in DEPTGRPS
    group e1 by e1.DateOfJoining.Year into YearGroups
    orderby YearGroups.Key
    select new
    {
    year = YearGroups.Key,
    emps = YearGroups
    }
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Department wise and joining year wise Employees List:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmployees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('Department: '   dept.Dept);
 foreach (var emp in dept.DeptGroups)
 {
  Console.WriteLine('Joining Year: '   emp.year.ToString());
  foreach (var item in emp.emps)
  {
  Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(item));
  }
  Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 #endregion

 #region Set operators

 // Distinct - 1
 public void Linq36()
 {
 int[] factorsOf300 = { 2, 2, 3, 5, 5 };

 var uniqueFactors = factorsOf300.Distinct();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Prime factors of 300: { 2, 2, 3, 5, 5 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Unique Prime factors of 300:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var f in uniqueFactors)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(f);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Distinct - 2
 public void Linq37()
 {
 var departments = (from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Department).Distinct();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of All Departments:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in departments)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Union - 1
 public void Linq38()
 {
 int[] numbersA = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 };
 int[] numbersB = { 0, 3, 6, 9 };

 var uniqueNumbers = numbersA.Union(numbersB);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Arrays: { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }, { 0, 3, 6, 9 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Unique Numbers from both the arrays:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in uniqueNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Union - 2
 public void Linq39()
 {

 var empFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Name[0];

 var deptFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
   select e.Department[0];

 var uniqueFirstChars = empFirstChars.Union(deptFirstChars);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Unique first letters from Employee Names and Department Names:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var ch in uniqueFirstChars)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(ch);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Intersect - 1
 public void Linq40()
 {
 int[] numbersA = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 };
 int[] numbersB = { 0, 3, 6, 9 };

 var commonNumbers = numbersA.Intersect(numbersB);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Arrays: { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }, { 0, 3, 6, 9 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Common Numbers from both the arrays:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in commonNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Intersect - 2
 public void Linq41()
 {

 var empFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Name[0];

 var deptFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
   select e.Department[0];

 var commonFirstChars = empFirstChars.Intersect(deptFirstChars);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Common first letters from Employee Names and Department Names:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var ch in commonFirstChars)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(ch);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Except - 1
 public void Linq42()
 {
 int[] numbersA = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 };
 int[] numbersB = { 0, 3, 6, 9 };

 var uniqueNumbers = numbersA.Except(numbersB);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Arrays: { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }, { 0, 3, 6, 9 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers in first array but not in second array:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in uniqueNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Except - 2
 public void Linq43()
 {

 var empFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Name[0];

 var deptFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
   select e.Department[0];

 var commonFirstChars = empFirstChars.Except(deptFirstChars);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First letters from Employee Names, but not from Department Names:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var ch in commonFirstChars)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(ch);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 #endregion

 #region Conversion Operators

 // ToArray
 public void Linq44()
 {
 double[] doubles = { 1.5, 2.3, 1.8, 4.2, 3.6, 5.4 };

 var sortedDoubles = from d in doubles
  orderby d descending
  select d;

 var doublesArray = sortedDoubles.ToArray();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Array of Doubles: { 1.5, 2.3, 1.8, 4.2, 3.6, 5.4 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Doubles from highest to lowest:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 for (int d = 0; d < doublesArray.Length; d  )
 {
 Console.WriteLine(doublesArray[d]);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // ToList
 public void Linq45()
 {
 var employees = from e in EmployeeList
  orderby e.Department
  select e.Name;

 var empList = employees.ToList();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The Sorted Employee List:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var e in empList)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(e);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // ToDictionary
 public void Linq46()
 {
 var salaryRecords = new[] 
  { 
   new { Name = 'Anil', Salary = 20000 },
   new { Name = 'Prasad' , Salary = 25000 },
   new { Name = 'Mohan', Salary = 50000 } 
  };

 var salaryRecordsDict = salaryRecords.ToDictionary(sr => sr.Name);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Salary Records: \n\n{ Name = \'Anil\', Salary = 20000 }\n{ Name = \'Prasad\' , Salary = 25000 }\n{ Name = \'Mohan\', Salary = 50000 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Salary Records Dictionary Items:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var rec in salaryRecordsDict)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(rec);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // OfType
 public void Linq47()
 {
 object[] numbers = { null, 1.0, 'two', 3, 'four', 5, 'six', 7.0, 8, 'nine' };

 var strings = numbers.OfType<string>();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Object Array: { null, 1.0, \'two\', 3, \'four\', 5, \'six\', 7.0, 8, \'nine\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers stored as strings:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var s in strings)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(s);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 #endregion

 #region Element Operators

 // First - Sample
 public void Linq48()
 {
 Employee emp = (from e in EmployeeList
  select e).First();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First Employee Record:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // First - Condition
 public void Linq49()
 {
 Employee emp2011 = EmployeeList.First(e => e.DateOfJoining.Year == 2011);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First Employee Record having Joining Year 2011:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp2011));
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // FirstOrDefault - Sample
 public void Linq50()
 {
 int[] numbers = { };

 int firstNumOrDefault = numbers.FirstOrDefault();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Array: { }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First Record Or Default Record if First Not Available:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine(firstNumOrDefault);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // FirstOrDefault - Condition
 public void Linq51()
 {
 var emp2002 = EmployeeList.FirstOrDefault(emp => emp.DateOfJoining.Year == 2002);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First Record Or Default Record if First Not Available:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Any Employee Joined in the Year 2002: {0}', emp2002 != null);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // ElementAt
 public void Linq52()
 {
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 int fourthLowNum = (from n in numbers
  where n > 5
  select n).ElementAt(1);

 // second number is index 1 because sequences use 0-based indexing 
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Array: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Second Number > 5: {0}', fourthLowNum);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 #endregion

 #region Generation Operators

 // Range
 public void Linq53()
 {
 var numbers = from n in Enumerable.Range(1, 10)
  select new
  {
  Number = n,
  OddEven = n % 2 == 1 ? 'Odd' : 'Even'
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers from 1 to 10, identify Odd/Even');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in numbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('The Number {0} is {1}.', n.Number, n.OddEven);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Repeat
 public void Linq54()
 {
 var employees = Enumerable.Repeat<Employee>(EmployeeList.Last(), 5);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Print Last Employee Record 5 times');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var e in employees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(e));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 #endregion

 #region Quantifiers

 // Any - Sample
 public void Linq55()
 {
 bool nAfterA = EmployeeList.Any(emp => emp.Name.Contains('an'));

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('There are employees whose name contains 'an': {0}', nAfterA);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Any - Grouped
 public void Linq56()
 {
 var deptGroups = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  where g.Any(e => e.DateOfJoining.Year == 2011)
  select new
  {
   Dept = g.Key,
   Employees = g
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List out the Departments which is having any of the employees under that department joined in 2011.');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var grp in deptGroups)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(grp.Dept);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // All - Sample
 public void Linq57()
 {
 bool allSalLessThanOneLakh = EmployeeList.All(emp => emp.Salary < 100000);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All the employees salaries are lesser than 100000: {0}', allSalLessThanOneLakh);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // All - Grouped
 public void Linq58()
 {
 var deptGroups = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  where g.All(e => e.DateOfJoining.Year < 2009)
  select new
  {
   Dept = g.Key,
   Employees = g
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List out the Departments which is having all the employees under that department joined before 2009.');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var grp in deptGroups)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(grp.Dept);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 #endregion

 #region Aggregate Operators

 // Count - Sample
 public void Linq59()
 {
 int noOfEmployees = EmployeeList.Count();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('No of Employees: {0}', noOfEmployees.ToString());
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Count - Conditional
 public void Linq60()
 {
 int noOfEmployeesSalMoreThan50000 = EmployeeList.Count(emp => emp.Salary > 50000);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('No of Employees having Salary more than 50000: {0}', noOfEmployeesSalMoreThan50000.ToString());
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Count - Grouped
 public void Linq61()
 {
 var deptEmpCounts = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  select new
  {
   Department = g.Key,
   EmpCount = g.Count()
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of Departments with Employee Count in each Department:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmpCounts)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Department   ': '   dept.EmpCount.ToString());
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Sum - Sample
 public void Linq62()
 {
 int sumOfNumbers1To50 = Enumerable.Range(1, 50).Sum();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Sum of Numbers from 1 to 50: {0}', sumOfNumbers1To50);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Sum - Projection
 public void Linq63()
 {
 int sumOfOddNumbers1To50 = Enumerable.Range(1, 50).Sum(n => (n % 2 == 1) ? n : 0);

 int sumOfEvenNumbers1To50 = Enumerable.Range(1, 50).Sum(n => (n % 2 == 0) ? n : 0);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Sum of Odd Numbers from 1 to 50: {0}', sumOfOddNumbers1To50);
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Sum of Even Numbers from 1 to 50: {0}', sumOfEvenNumbers1To50);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Sum - Grouped
 public void Linq64()
 {
 var deptEmpSal = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  select new
  {
   Department = g.Key,
   SumEmpSal = g.Sum(e => e.Salary)
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of Departments with Sum of Employee Salaries:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmpSal)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Department   ': '   dept.SumEmpSal.ToString());
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Min/Max/Average - Sample
 public void Linq65()
 {
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 int minNum = numbers.Min();

 int maxNum = numbers.Max();

 double avg = numbers.Average();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Array: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The minimum number is {0}.', minNum);
 Console.WriteLine('The maximum number is {0}.', maxNum);
 Console.WriteLine('The Average is {0}.', avg);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Min/Max/Average - Projection
 public void Linq66()
 {
 double minSalary = EmployeeList.Min(emp => emp.Salary);

 double maxSalary = EmployeeList.Max(emp => emp.Salary);

 double avgSalary = EmployeeList.Average(emp => emp.Salary);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Lowest Salary is: {0}', minSalary);
 Console.WriteLine('Highest Salary is: {0}', maxSalary);
 Console.WriteLine('Average Salary is: {0}', avgSalary);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Min/Max/Average - Grouped
 public void Linq67()
 {
 var deptEmpSals = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  select new
  {
   Department = g.Key,
   MinSalary = g.Min(e => e.Salary),
   MaxSalary = g.Max(e => e.Salary),
   AvgSalary = g.Average(e => e.Salary)
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of Departments with Lowest/Highest/Average Salaries:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmpSals)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Department   '\nMin Salary: '   dept.MinSalary.ToString()   '\nMax Salary: '   dept.MaxSalary.ToString()   '\nAvg Salary: '   dept.AvgSalary.ToString());
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Min/Max - Elements
 public void Linq68()
 {
 var deptEmpSals = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  let maxSal = g.Max(e => e.Salary)
  let minSal = g.Min(e => e.Salary)
  select new
  {
   Department = g.Key,
   LowestPaid = g.Where(e => e.Salary == minSal),
   HighestPaid = g.Where(e => e.Salary == maxSal)
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of Departments with Lowest/Highest Paid Employees:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmpSals)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Department);
 Console.WriteLine('Lowest Paid:');
 foreach (var lowestPaid in dept.LowestPaid)
 {
  Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(lowestPaid));
 }
 Console.WriteLine('Highest Paid:');
 foreach (var highestPaid in dept.HighestPaid)
 {
  Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(highestPaid));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Aggregate - Sample
 public void Linq69()
 {
 double[] doubles = { 1.7, 2.3, 1.9, 4.1, 2.9, 3.5, 8.9 };

 double product = doubles.Aggregate((runningProduct, nextFactor) => runningProduct * nextFactor);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Doubles: { 1.7, 2.3, 1.9, 4.1, 2.9, 3.5, 8.9 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Total Product of all numbers: {0}', product);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Aggregate - Seed
 public void Linq70()
 {
 double startBalance = 1000.0;

 int[] attemptedWithdrawals = { 200, 100, 400, 500, 100, 700, 300 };

 double endBalance = attemptedWithdrawals.Aggregate(startBalance, (balance, nextWithdrawal) =>
    ((nextWithdrawal <= balance) ? (balance - nextWithdrawal) : balance));

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Starting Balance: 1000.00');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Attempted Withdrawals: { 200, 100, 400, 500, 100, 700, 300 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Ending Balance: {0}', endBalance);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 #endregion

 #region Concat EqualAll Operators

 // Concat - 1
 public void Linq71()
 {
 int[] numbersA = { 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 };

 int[] numbersB = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 };

 var allNumbers = numbersA.Concat(numbersB);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Array 1: { 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 }');
 Console.WriteLine('Array 2: { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All numbers from both arrays:');
 foreach (var n in allNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Concat - 2
 public void Linq72()
 {
 var keyWords = EmployeeList.Select(e => e.Name).Concat(EmployeeList.Select(e => e.Department));

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All Employees and Department Names:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in keyWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // SequenceEqual
 public void Linq73()
 {
 var wordsA = new string[] { 'microsoft', 'adobe', 'google' };

 var wordsB = new string[] { 'microsoft', 'adobe', 'google' };

 bool match = wordsA.SequenceEqual(wordsB);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Sequence 1: { \'microsoft\', \'adobe\', \'google\' }');
 Console.WriteLine('Sequence 2: { \'microsoft\', \'adobe\', \'google\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sequences match: {0}', match);
 Console.WriteLine();
 }


 #endregion

 #region Joins

 // Cross Join
 public void Linq74()
 {
 var deptCrossEmps = from d in DepartmentList
  join e in EmployeeList on 1 equals 1
  select new
  {
   Dept = d.Name,
   EmployeeName = e.Name
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Department Cross Join Employee');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var deptEmp in deptCrossEmps)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(deptEmp.Dept   ': '   deptEmp.EmployeeName);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Group/Inner Join
 public void Linq75()
 {
 var deptEmps = from d in DepartmentList
  join e in EmployeeList on d.Name equals e.Department
  select new
  {
  Dept = d.Name,
  EmployeeName = e.Name
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Department Group/Inner Join Employee');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmps)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Dept   ': '   dept.EmployeeName);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Left Outer Join
 public void Linq76()
 {
 var deptEmps = from d in DepartmentList
  join e in EmployeeList on d.Name equals e.Department into de
  from e in de.DefaultIfEmpty()
  select new
  {
  Department = d.Name,
  EmpName = e == null ? '(No Employees Present)' : e.Name
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Department Left Outer Join Employee');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmps)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Department   ': '   dept.EmpName);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 #endregion

 #region Query Execution

 // Deferred Execution
 public void Linq77()
 {
 // Sequence operators form first-class queries that are not executed until you enumerate over them. 
 int[] numbers = new int[] { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 int i = 0;

 var q = from n in numbers
  select   i;

 // Note, the local variable 'i' is not incremented 
 // until each element is evaluated (as a side-effect): 
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Deferred Execution');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var v in q)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('v = {0}, i = {1}', v, i);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Immediate Execution
 public void Linq78()
 {
 // Methods like ToList() cause the query to be executed immediately, caching the results. 
 int[] numbers = new int[] { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 int i = 0;

 var q = (from n in numbers
  select   i).ToList();

 // The local variable i has already been fully // incremented before we iterate the results: 
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Immediate Execution');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var v in q)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('v = {0}, i = {1}', v, i);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 // Query Reuse
 public void Linq79()
 {
 // Deferred execution lets us define a query once 
 // and then reuse it later after data changes. 
 int[] numbers = new int[] { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var lowNumbers = from n in numbers
  where n <= 3
  select n;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers Array: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First run numbers <= 3:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (int n in lowNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();

 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i  )
 {
 numbers[i] = -numbers[i];
 }

 // During this second run, the same query object, 
 // lowNumbers, will be iterating over the new state 
 // of numbers[], producing different results:

 Console.WriteLine('Second run numbers <= 3:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (int n in lowNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }

 #endregion
 }
}

Program.cs file (Code for calling LINQ Sample Methods)

using System;

namespace CSharpSamples
{
 class Program
 {
 static void Main()
 { 
 LINQSamples objLinqSamples = new LINQSamples();

 // Restriction Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq1();
 objLinqSamples.Linq2();
 objLinqSamples.Linq3();
 objLinqSamples.Linq4();
 // Restriction Operators End

 // Projection Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq5();
 objLinqSamples.Linq6();
 objLinqSamples.Linq7();
 objLinqSamples.Linq8();
 objLinqSamples.Linq9();
 objLinqSamples.Linq10();
 objLinqSamples.Linq11();
 objLinqSamples.Linq12();
 objLinqSamples.Linq13();
 objLinqSamples.Linq14();
 objLinqSamples.Linq15();
 // Projection Operators End

 // Partitioning Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq16();
 objLinqSamples.Linq17();
 objLinqSamples.Linq18();
 objLinqSamples.Linq19();
 objLinqSamples.Linq20();
 objLinqSamples.Linq21();
 // Partitioning Operators End

 // Ordering Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq22();
 objLinqSamples.Linq23();
 objLinqSamples.Linq24();
 objLinqSamples.Linq25();
 objLinqSamples.Linq26();
 objLinqSamples.Linq27();
 objLinqSamples.Linq28();
 objLinqSamples.Linq29();
 objLinqSamples.Linq30();
 objLinqSamples.Linq31();
 objLinqSamples.Linq32();
 // Ordering Operators End

 // Grouping Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq33();
 objLinqSamples.Linq34();
 objLinqSamples.Linq35();
 // Grouping Operators End

 // Set Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq36();
 objLinqSamples.Linq37();
 objLinqSamples.Linq38();
 objLinqSamples.Linq39();
 objLinqSamples.Linq40();
 objLinqSamples.Linq41();
 objLinqSamples.Linq42();
 objLinqSamples.Linq43();
 // Set Operators End

 // Conversion Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq44();
 objLinqSamples.Linq45();
 objLinqSamples.Linq46();
 objLinqSamples.Linq47();
 // Conversion Operators End

 // Element Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq48();
 objLinqSamples.Linq49();
 objLinqSamples.Linq50();
 objLinqSamples.Linq51();
 objLinqSamples.Linq52();
 // Element Operators End

 // Generation Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq53();
 objLinqSamples.Linq54();
 // Generation Operators End

 // Quantifiers Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq55();
 objLinqSamples.Linq56();
 objLinqSamples.Linq57();
 objLinqSamples.Linq58();
 // Quantifiers End

 // Aggregate Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq59();
 objLinqSamples.Linq60();
 objLinqSamples.Linq61();
 objLinqSamples.Linq62();
 objLinqSamples.Linq63();
 objLinqSamples.Linq64();
 objLinqSamples.Linq65();
 objLinqSamples.Linq66();
 objLinqSamples.Linq67();
 objLinqSamples.Linq68();
 objLinqSamples.Linq69();
 objLinqSamples.Linq70();
 // Aggregate Operators End

 // Concat/SequenceEqual Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq71();
 objLinqSamples.Linq72();
 objLinqSamples.Linq73();
 // Concat/SequenceEqual Operators End

 // Join Operators Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq74();
 objLinqSamples.Linq75();
 objLinqSamples.Linq76();
 // Join Operators End

 // Query Execution Begin
 objLinqSamples.Linq77();
 objLinqSamples.Linq78();
 objLinqSamples.Linq79();
 // Query Execution End
 }
 }
}

Where - Sample 1

This sample uses where to find all elements of an array less than 6.


public void Linq1()
{
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var lowNums = from n in numbers
  where n < 6
  select n;

 Console.WriteLine(); 
 Console.WriteLine('Numers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers < 6:');
 foreach (var x in lowNums)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(x);
 } 
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


 
Numers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

Numbers < 6:
5
4
1
3
2
0

Where - Sample 2

This sample uses where to find all employees having salary equals to 10000


public void Linq2()
{
 var empWithSal10K = from e in EmployeeList
  where e.Salary == 10000
  select e;

 Console.WriteLine(); 
 Console.WriteLine('Employees having Salary equals to 10000:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in empWithSal10K)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 } 
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


 
Employees having Salary equals to 10000:

ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011

Where - Sample 3

This sample uses where to find all employees joined after 2009 and having salary more than 15000.


public void Linq3()
{
 var employeesJoinedAfter2009WithMoreThan15K = from e in EmployeeList
    where e.DateOfJoining > new DateTime(2009, 12, 31) 
    && e.Salary > 15000
    select e;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees joined after 2009 and having salary more than 15000:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in employeesJoinedAfter2009WithMoreThan15K)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 } 
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


 
Employees joined after 2009 and having salary more than 15000:

ID: 4 Name: Praveen Department: Finance Salary: 22000 DOJ: 10-Feb-2010
ID: 7 Name: Avinash Department: Human Resources Salary: 32000 DOJ: 24-Mar-2011

Where - Indexed

This sample demonstrates an indexed Where clause that returns digits whose name
is shorter than their value.


public void Linq4()
{
 string[] digits = { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' };

 var shortDigits = digits.Where((digit, index) => digit.Length < index);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Digits List: { \'zero\', \'one\', \'two\', \'three\', \'four\', \'five\', \'six\', \'seven\', \'eight\', \'nine\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Short digits:');
 foreach (var d in shortDigits)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('The word {0} is shorter than its value.', d);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


   
Digits List: { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' }

Short digits:
The word five is shorter than its value.
The word six is shorter than its value.
The word seven is shorter than its value.
The word eight is shorter than its value.
The word nine is shorter than its value.

Select - Sample 1

This sample uses select to produce a sequence of ints one higher than those in an
existing array of ints.


public void Linq5()
{
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var numsPlusOne = from n in numbers
  select n   1;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers   1:');
 foreach (var i in numsPlusOne)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(i);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Numbers   1:
6
5
2
4
10
9
7
8
3
1

Select - Sample 2

This sample uses select to return a sequence of just the names of a list of employees.


public void Linq6()
{
 var employeeNames = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Name;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of Employees:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var empName in employeeNames)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(empName);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


List of Employees:

Anil
Prasad
Mohan
Praveen
Ravi
Krishna
Avinash
Pankaj
Narendra
Kumar

Select - Transformation

This sample uses select to produce a sequence of strings representing the text version
of a sequence of ints.


public void Linq7()
{
 int[] numbers = { 4, 5, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 string[] strings = { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' };

 var textNums = from n in numbers
  select strings[n];

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 4, 5, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine('Strings List: { \'zero\', \'one\', \'two\', \'three\', \'four\', \'five\', \'six\', \'seven\', \'eight\', \'nine\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Number strings:');
 foreach (var s in textNums)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(s);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Numbers List: { 4, 5, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }
Strings List: { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' }

Number strings:
four
five
one
three
nine
eight
six
seven
two
zero

Select - Anonymous Types 1

This sample uses select to produce a sequence of the uppercase and lowercase versions
of each word in the original array.


public void Linq8()
{
 string[] words = { 'MicroSOFT', 'GooGle', 'aDOBE', 'aPPle' };

 var upperLowerWords = from w in words
  select new
  {
  Upper = w.ToUpper(),
  Lower = w.ToLower()
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'MicroSOFT\', \'GooGle\', \'aDOBE\', \'aPPle\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var ul in upperLowerWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('UPPERCASE: {0}\t lowercase: {1}', ul.Upper, ul.Lower);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Words: { 'MicroSOFT', 'GooGle', 'aDOBE', 'aPPle' }

UPPERCASE: MICROSOFT lowercase: microsoft
UPPERCASE: GOOGLE lowercase: google
UPPERCASE: ADOBE lowercase: adobe
UPPERCASE: APPLE lowercase: apple

Select - Anonymous Types 2

This sample uses select to produce a sequence containing numbers
and whether they are even or odd.


public void Linq9()
{
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 string[] strings = { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' };

 var digitOddEvens = from n in numbers
  select new 
  { 
  Digit = strings[n], 
  Even = (n % 2 == 0) 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Even/Odd Check:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var d in digitOddEvens)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('The digit {0} is {1}.', d.Digit, d.Even ? 'even' : 'odd');
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Even/Odd Check:

The digit five is odd.
The digit four is even.
The digit one is odd.
The digit three is odd.
The digit nine is odd.
The digit eight is even.
The digit six is even.
The digit seven is odd.
The digit two is even.
The digit zero is even.

Select - Anonymous Types 3

This sample uses select to Employees including Department and Salary.


public void Linq10()
{
 var employeesInfo = from e in EmployeeList
  select new 
  { 
  e.Name, 
  e.Department, 
  Salary = e.Salary 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees Info:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var empInfo in employeesInfo)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('<{0}> is in the Department <{1}> and having salary <{2}>.', empInfo.Name, empInfo.Department, empInfo.Salary);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Employees Info:

<Anil> is in the Department <Information Technology> and having salary <20000>.
<Prasad> is in the Department <Information Technology> and having salary <25000>.
<Mohan> is in the Department <Information Technology> and having salary <50000>.
<Praveen> is in the Department <Finance> and having salary <22000>.
<Ravi> is in the Department <Finance> and having salary <40000>.
<Krishna> is in the Department <Human Resources> and having salary <80000>.
<Avinash> is in the Department <Human Resources> and having salary <32000>.
<Pankaj> is in the Department <Admin> and having salary <28000>.
<Narendra> is in the Department <Admin> and having salary <18000>.
<Kumar> is in the Department <Admin> and having salary <10000>.

Select - Indexed

This sample uses an indexed Select clause to determine if the value of ints in an
array match their position in the array.


public void Linq11()
{
 int[] numbers = { 4, 5, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var numsInPlace = numbers.Select((num, index) => new { Num = num, InPlace = (num == index) });

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 4, 5, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Number: In-Place?');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in numsInPlace)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('{0}: {1}', n.Num, n.InPlace);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Numbers List: { 4, 5, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

Number: In-Place?

4: False
5: False
1: False
3: True
9: False
8: False
6: True
7: True
2: False
0: False

Select - Filtered

This sample combines select and where to make a simple query that returns the employees
whose salary is more than 20000.


public void Linq12()
{
 var employeesInfo = from e in EmployeeList
  where e.Salary > 20000
  select e;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees having Salary > 20000:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in employeesInfo)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Employees having Salary > 20000:

ID: 2 Name: Prasad Department: Information Technology Salary: 25000 DOJ: 01-Dec-2005
ID: 3 Name: Mohan Department: Information Technology Salary: 50000 DOJ: 18-May-2003
ID: 4 Name: Praveen Department: Finance Salary: 22000 DOJ: 10-Feb-2010
ID: 5 Name: Ravi Department: Finance Salary: 40000 DOJ: 16-Jun-2007
ID: 6 Name: Krishna Department: Human Resources Salary: 80000 DOJ: 18-May-2003
ID: 7 Name: Avinash Department: Human Resources Salary: 32000 DOJ: 24-Mar-2011
ID: 8 Name: Pankaj Department: Admin Salary: 28000 DOJ: 09-Apr-2009

SelectMany - Compound from 1

This sample uses a compound from clause to make a query that returns all pairs of
numbers from both arrays such that the number from numbersA is less than the number
from numbersB.


public void Linq13()
{
 int[] numbersA = { 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 };

 int[] numbersB = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 };

 var pairs = from a in numbersA
 from b in numbersB
 where a < b
 select new { a, b };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Set A: { 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 }');
 Console.WriteLine('Set B: { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Pairs where a < b:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var pair in pairs)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('{0} is less than {1}', pair.a, pair.b);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Set A: { 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 }
Set B: { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 }

Pairs where a < b:

0 is less than 1
0 is less than 3
0 is less than 5
0 is less than 7
0 is less than 8
2 is less than 3
2 is less than 5
2 is less than 7
2 is less than 8
4 is less than 5
4 is less than 7
4 is less than 8
5 is less than 7
5 is less than 8
6 is less than 7
6 is less than 8

SelectMany - Compound from 2

This sample uses a compound from clause to select all Employees where the employee salary
is more than each salries list item.


public void Linq14()
{
 int[] salaries = { 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 };

 var empSalaries = from e in EmployeeList
  from s in salaries
  where e.Salary > s
  select new 
  { 
  e.Name, 
  e.Salary, 
  s 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Salary Comparision with the Set: { 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var item in empSalaries)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(item.Name   ' Salary('   item.Salary   ') is more than '   item.s.ToString());
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Salary Comparision with the Set: { 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 }

Anil Salary(20000) is more than 10000
Anil Salary(20000) is more than 15000
Prasad Salary(25000) is more than 10000
Prasad Salary(25000) is more than 15000
Prasad Salary(25000) is more than 20000
Mohan Salary(50000) is more than 10000
Mohan Salary(50000) is more than 15000
Mohan Salary(50000) is more than 20000
Mohan Salary(50000) is more than 25000
Praveen Salary(22000) is more than 10000
Praveen Salary(22000) is more than 15000
Praveen Salary(22000) is more than 20000
Ravi Salary(40000) is more than 10000
Ravi Salary(40000) is more than 15000
Ravi Salary(40000) is more than 20000
Ravi Salary(40000) is more than 25000
Krishna Salary(80000) is more than 10000
Krishna Salary(80000) is more than 15000
Krishna Salary(80000) is more than 20000
Krishna Salary(80000) is more than 25000
Avinash Salary(32000) is more than 10000
Avinash Salary(32000) is more than 15000
Avinash Salary(32000) is more than 20000
Avinash Salary(32000) is more than 25000
Pankaj Salary(28000) is more than 10000
Pankaj Salary(28000) is more than 15000
Pankaj Salary(28000) is more than 20000
Pankaj Salary(28000) is more than 25000
Narendra Salary(18000) is more than 10000
Narendra Salary(18000) is more than 15000

SelectMany - Multiple from

This sample uses multiple from clauses so that filtering on employees can be done
before selecting their selaries. This makes the query more efficient by not selecting
and then discarding salaries for employees whose name doesn't start with the letter 'P'.


public void Linq15()
{
 int[] salaries = { 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 };

 var empSalaries = from e in EmployeeList
  where e.Name.ToUpper().StartsWith('P')
  from s in salaries
  where e.Salary > s
  select new 
  { 
  e.Name, 
  e.Salary, 
  s 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Salary Comparision of Employees whose names start with P with the Set: { 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var item in empSalaries)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(item.Name   ' Salary('   item.Salary   ') is more than '   item.s.ToString());
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Salary Comparision of Employees whose names start with 'P' with the Set: { 10000, 15000, 20000, 25000 }

Prasad Salary(25000) is more than 10000
Prasad Salary(25000) is more than 15000
Prasad Salary(25000) is more than 20000
Praveen Salary(22000) is more than 10000
Praveen Salary(22000) is more than 15000
Praveen Salary(22000) is more than 20000
Pankaj Salary(28000) is more than 10000
Pankaj Salary(28000) is more than 15000
Pankaj Salary(28000) is more than 20000
Pankaj Salary(28000) is more than 25000

Take - Sample

This sample uses Take to get only the first 4 elements of the array.


public void Linq16()
{
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var first4Numbers = numbers.Take(4);


 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First 4 Numbers:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in first4Numbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

First 4 Numbers:

5
4
1
3

TakeWhile - Sample

This sample uses TakeWhile to return elements starting from the beginning of the
array until a number is hit that is not less than 7.


public void Linq17()
{

 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var firstNumbersLessThan7 = numbers.TakeWhile(n => n < 7);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First Numbers less than 7:');
 foreach (var n in firstNumbersLessThan7)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

First Numbers less than 7:
5
4
1
3

TakeWhile - Indexed

This sample uses TakeWhile to return elements starting from the beginning of the
array until a number is hit that is less than its position in the array.


public void Linq18()
{
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var firstSmallNumbers = numbers.TakeWhile((n, index) => n >= index);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First numbers not less than their position:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in firstSmallNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

First numbers not less than their position:

5
4

Skip - Sample

This sample uses Skip to get all but the first 3 elements of the array.


public void Linq19()
{

 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var allButFirst3Numbers = numbers.Skip(3);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All but first 3 numbers:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in allButFirst3Numbers)
 {

 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

All but first 3 numbers:

3
9
8
6
7
2
0

SkipWhile - Sample

This sample uses SkipWhile to get the elements of the array starting from the first
element divisible by 2.


public void Linq20()
{

 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var allButFirst3Numbers = numbers.SkipWhile(n => n % 3 != 0);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All elements starting from first element divisible by 3:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in allButFirst3Numbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

All elements starting from first element divisible by 3:

3
9
8
6
7
2
0

SkipWhile - Indexed

This sample uses SkipWhile to get the elements of the array starting from the first
element less than its position.


public void Linq21()
{
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var laterNumbers = numbers.SkipWhile((n, index) => n >= index);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine(); 
 Console.WriteLine('All elements starting from first element greater than than its position:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in laterNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Numbers List: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

All elements starting from first element greater than than its position:

1
3
9
8
6
7
2
0

OrderBy - Sample 1

This sample uses orderby to sort a list of words alphabetically.


public void Linq22()
{
 string[] words = { 'Microsoft', 'Google', 'Adobe', 'Apple', 'IBM' };

 var sortedWords = from w in words
  orderby w
  select w;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'Microsoft\', \'Google\', \'Adobe\', \'Apple\', \'IBM\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sorted list of words:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var w in sortedWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Words: { 'Microsoft', 'Google', 'Adobe', 'Apple', 'IBM' }

The sorted list of words:

Adobe
Apple
Google
IBM
Microsoft

OrderBy - Sample 2

This sample uses orderby to sort a list of employees by name.


public void Linq23()
{
 var sortedEmployees = from e in EmployeeList
  orderby e.Name
  select e;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees List in Name Ascending Order:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in sortedEmployees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Employees List in Name Ascending Order:

ID: 1 Name: Anil Department: Information Technology Salary: 20000 DOJ: 11-Sep-2006
ID: 7 Name: Avinash Department: Human Resources Salary: 32000 DOJ: 24-Mar-2011
ID: 6 Name: Krishna Department: Human Resources Salary: 80000 DOJ: 18-May-2003
ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011
ID: 3 Name: Mohan Department: Information Technology Salary: 50000 DOJ: 18-May-2003
ID: 9 Name: Narendra Department: Admin Salary: 18000 DOJ: 19-Nov-2008
ID: 8 Name: Pankaj Department: Admin Salary: 28000 DOJ: 09-Apr-2009
ID: 2 Name: Prasad Department: Information Technology Salary: 25000 DOJ: 01-Dec-2005
ID: 4 Name: Praveen Department: Finance Salary: 22000 DOJ: 10-Feb-2010
ID: 5 Name: Ravi Department: Finance Salary: 40000 DOJ: 16-Jun-2007

OrderBy - Comparer

This sample uses an OrderBy clause with a custom comparer to do a case-insensitive
sort of the words in an array.


public void Linq24()
{
 string[] words = { 'aPPLE', 'AbAcUs', 'bRaNcH', 'BlUeBeRrY', 'ClOvEr', 'cHeRry' };

 var sortedWords = words.OrderBy(a => a, new CaseInsensitiveComparer());

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'aPPLE\', \'AbAcUs\', \'bRaNcH\', \'BlUeBeRrY\', \'ClOvEr\', \'cHeRry\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sorted(A-Z) list of words:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var w in sortedWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Words: { 'aPPLE', 'AbAcUs', 'bRaNcH', 'BlUeBeRrY', 'ClOvEr', 'cHeRry' }

The sorted(A-Z) list of words:

AbAcUs
aPPLE
BlUeBeRrY
bRaNcH
cHeRry
ClOvEr

OrderByDescending - Sample 1

This sample uses orderby and descending to sort a list of doubles from highest to
lowest.


public void Linq25()
{
 double[] doubles = { 3.2, 1.3, 5.9, 7.1, 4.7 };

 var sortedDoubles = from d in doubles
  orderby d descending
  select d;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Decimals: { 3.2, 1.3, 5.9, 7.1, 4.7 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The doubles from highest to lowest:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var d in sortedDoubles)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(d);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Decimals: { 3.2, 1.3, 5.9, 7.1, 4.7 }

The doubles from highest to lowest:

7.1
5.9
4.7
3.2
1.3

OrderByDescending - Sample 2

This sample uses orderby to sort a list of emplouyees by salary from highest
to lowest.


public void Linq26()
{
 var sortedEmployees = from e in EmployeeList
  orderby e.Salary descending
  select e;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees List from Highest to Lowest Salary:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in sortedEmployees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Employees List from Highest to Lowest Salary:

ID: 6 Name: Krishna Department: Human Resources Salary: 80000 DOJ: 18-May-2003
ID: 3 Name: Mohan Department: Information Technology Salary: 50000 DOJ: 18-May-2003
ID: 5 Name: Ravi Department: Finance Salary: 40000 DOJ: 16-Jun-2007
ID: 7 Name: Avinash Department: Human Resources Salary: 32000 DOJ: 24-Mar-2011
ID: 8 Name: Pankaj Department: Admin Salary: 28000 DOJ: 09-Apr-2009
ID: 2 Name: Prasad Department: Information Technology Salary: 25000 DOJ: 01-Dec-2005
ID: 4 Name: Praveen Department: Finance Salary: 22000 DOJ: 10-Feb-2010
ID: 1 Name: Anil Department: Information Technology Salary: 20000 DOJ: 11-Sep-2006
ID: 9 Name: Narendra Department: Admin Salary: 18000 DOJ: 19-Nov-2008
ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011

OrderByDescending - Comparer

This sample uses an OrderBy clause with a custom comparer to do a case-insensitive
descending sort of the words in an array.


public void Linq27()
{
 string[] words = { 'aPPLE', 'AbAcUs', 'bRaNcH', 'BlUeBeRrY', 'ClOvEr', 'cHeRry' };

 var sortedWords = words.OrderByDescending(a => a, new CaseInsensitiveComparer());

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'aPPLE\', \'AbAcUs\', \'bRaNcH\', \'BlUeBeRrY\', \'ClOvEr\', \'cHeRry\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sorted(Z-A) list of words:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var w in sortedWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Words: { 'aPPLE', 'AbAcUs', 'bRaNcH', 'BlUeBeRrY', 'ClOvEr', 'cHeRry' }

The sorted(Z-A) list of words:

ClOvEr
cHeRry
bRaNcH
BlUeBeRrY
aPPLE
AbAcUs

ThenBy - Sample

This sample uses a compound orderby to sort a list of digits, first by length of
their name, and then alphabetically by the name itself.


public void Linq28()
{
 string[] digits = { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' };

 var sortedDigits = digits.OrderBy(d => d.Length).ThenBy(d => d);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'zero\', \'one\', \'two\', \'three\', \'four\', \'five\', \'six\', \'seven\', \'eight\', \'nine\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Sorted Words first by length and then by Alphabetical order:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var d in sortedDigits)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(d);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Words: { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' }

Sorted Words first by length and then by Alphabetical order:

one
six
two
five
four
nine
zero
eight
seven
three

ThenBy - Comparer

This sample uses an OrderBy and a ThenBy clause with a custom comparer to sort first
by word length and then by a case-insensitive sort of the words in an array.


public void Linq29()
{
 string[] words = { 'apple', 'abacus', 'branch', 'blueberry', 'clover', 'cherry' };

 var sortedWords = words.OrderBy(a => a.Length).ThenBy(a => a, new CaseInsensitiveComparer());

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'apple\', \'abacus\', \'branch\', \'blueberry\', \'clover\', \'cherry\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sorted list of words first by length and next by alphabetical order(A-Z):');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var w in sortedWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Words: { 'apple', 'abacus', 'branch', 'blueberry', 'clover', 'cherry' }

The sorted list of words first by length and next by alphabetical order(A-Z):

apple
abacus
branch
cherry
clover
blueberry

ThenByDescending - Sample

This sample uses a compound orderby to sort a list of products, first by category,
and then by unit price, from highest to lowest.


public void Linq30()
{
 var sortedEmployees = from e in EmployeeList
  orderby e.Department, e.Salary descending
  select e;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Employees List in Department Ascending Order and Salary Descending Order:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var emp in sortedEmployees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Employees List in Department Ascending Order and Salary Descending Order:

ID: 8 Name: Pankaj Department: Admin Salary: 28000 DOJ: 09-Apr-2009
ID: 9 Name: Narendra Department: Admin Salary: 18000 DOJ: 19-Nov-2008
ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011
ID: 5 Name: Ravi Department: Finance Salary: 40000 DOJ: 16-Jun-2007
ID: 4 Name: Praveen Department: Finance Salary: 22000 DOJ: 10-Feb-2010
ID: 6 Name: Krishna Department: Human Resources Salary: 80000 DOJ: 18-May-2003
ID: 7 Name: Avinash Department: Human Resources Salary: 32000 DOJ: 24-Mar-2011
ID: 3 Name: Mohan Department: Information Technology Salary: 50000 DOJ: 18-May-2003
ID: 2 Name: Prasad Department: Information Technology Salary: 25000 DOJ: 01-Dec-2005
ID: 1 Name: Anil Department: Information Technology Salary: 20000 DOJ: 11-Sep-2006

ThenByDescending - Comparer

This sample uses an OrderBy and a ThenBy clause with a custom comparer to sort first
by word length and then by a case-insensitive descending sort of the words in an
array.


public void Linq31()
{
 string[] words = { 'apple', 'abacus', 'branch', 'blueberry', 'clover', 'cherry' };

 var sortedWords = words.OrderBy(a => a.Length).ThenByDescending(a => a, new CaseInsensitiveComparer());

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'apple\', \'abacus\', \'branch\', \'blueberry\', \'clover\', \'cherry\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sorted list of words first by length ascending and next by alphabetical order descending(Z-A):');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var w in sortedWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Words: { 'apple', 'abacus', 'branch', 'blueberry', 'clover', 'cherry' }

The sorted list of words first by length ascending and next by alphabetical order descending(Z-A):

apple
clover
cherry
branch
abacus
blueberry

Reverse

This sample uses Reverse to create a list of all digits in the array whose second
letter is 'i' that is reversed from the order in the original array.


public void Linq32()
{
 string[] digits = { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' };

 var reversedIDigits = (from d in digits
  where d[1] == 'i'
  select d).Reverse();


 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'zero\', \'one\', \'two\', \'three\', \'four\', \'five\', \'six\', \'seven\', \'eight\', \'nine\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('A backwards list of the digits with a second character of 'i':');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var d in reversedIDigits)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(d);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Words: { 'zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five', 'six', 'seven', 'eight', 'nine' }

A backwards list of the digits with a second character of 'i':

nine
eight
six
five

GroupBy - Sample 1

This sample uses group by to partition a list of numbers by their remainder when
divided by 5.


public void Linq33()
{
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var numberGroups = from n in numbers
  group n by n % 4 into g
  select new 
  { 
  Remainder = g.Key, 
  Numbers = g 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Numbers: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var g in numberGroups)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers with a remainder of {0} when divided by 5:', g.Remainder);
 foreach (var n in g.Numbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();


 string[] words = { 'blueberry', 'chimpanzee', 'abacus', 'banana', 'apple', 'cheese' };
 var wordGroups = from w in words
  group w by w[0] into g
  select new 
  { 
  FirstLetter = g.Key, 
  Words = g 
  };

 Console.WriteLine('Input Words: { \'blueberry\', \'chimpanzee\', \'abacus\', \'banana\', \'apple\', \'cheese\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var g in wordGroups)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('Words that start with the letter '{0}':', g.FirstLetter);
 foreach (var w in g.Words)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(w);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Numbers: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

Numbers with a remainder of 1 when divided by 5:
5
1
9

Numbers with a remainder of 0 when divided by 5:
4
8
0

Numbers with a remainder of 3 when divided by 5:
3
7

Numbers with a remainder of 2 when divided by 5:
6
2


Input Words: { 'blueberry', 'chimpanzee', 'abacus', 'banana', 'apple', 'cheese' }

Words that start with the letter 'b':
blueberry
banana

Words that start with the letter 'c':
chimpanzee
cheese

Words that start with the letter 'a':
abacus
apple

GroupBy - Sample 2

This sample uses group by to partition a list of employees by department.


public void Linq34()
{
 var deptEmployees = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into Employees
  select new 
  { 
  Department = Employees.Key, 
  Employees 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Departmentwise Employees List:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmployees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('Department: '   dept.Department);
 foreach (var emp in dept.Employees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Departmentwise Employees List:

Department: Information Technology
ID: 1 Name: Anil Department: Information Technology Salary: 20000 DOJ: 11-Sep-2006
ID: 2 Name: Prasad Department: Information Technology Salary: 25000 DOJ: 01-Dec-2005
ID: 3 Name: Mohan Department: Information Technology Salary: 50000 DOJ: 18-May-2003

Department: Finance
ID: 4 Name: Praveen Department: Finance Salary: 22000 DOJ: 10-Feb-2010
ID: 5 Name: Ravi Department: Finance Salary: 40000 DOJ: 16-Jun-2007

Department: Human Resources
ID: 6 Name: Krishna Department: Human Resources Salary: 80000 DOJ: 18-May-2003
ID: 7 Name: Avinash Department: Human Resources Salary: 32000 DOJ: 24-Mar-2011

Department: Admin
ID: 8 Name: Pankaj Department: Admin Salary: 28000 DOJ: 09-Apr-2009
ID: 9 Name: Narendra Department: Admin Salary: 18000 DOJ: 19-Nov-2008
ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011

GroupBy - Nested

This sample uses group by to partition a list of each customer's orders, first by
year, and then by month.


public void Linq35()
{
 var deptEmployees = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into DEPTGRPS
  orderby DEPTGRPS.Key
  select new
  {
  Dept = DEPTGRPS.Key,
  DeptGroups = from e1 in DEPTGRPS
   group e1 by e1.DateOfJoining.Year into YearGroups
   orderby YearGroups.Key
   select new
   {
   year = YearGroups.Key,
   emps = YearGroups
   }
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Department wise and joining year wise Employees List:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmployees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('Department: '   dept.Dept);
 foreach (var emp in dept.DeptGroups)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('Joining Year: '   emp.year.ToString());
 foreach (var item in emp.emps)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(item));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Department wise and joining year wise Employees List:

Department: Admin
Joining Year: 2008
ID: 9 Name: Narendra Department: Admin Salary: 18000 DOJ: 19-Nov-2008

Joining Year: 2009
ID: 8 Name: Pankaj Department: Admin Salary: 28000 DOJ: 09-Apr-2009

Joining Year: 2011
ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011



Department: Finance
Joining Year: 2007
ID: 5 Name: Ravi Department: Finance Salary: 40000 DOJ: 16-Jun-2007

Joining Year: 2010
ID: 4 Name: Praveen Department: Finance Salary: 22000 DOJ: 10-Feb-2010



Department: Human Resources
Joining Year: 2003
ID: 6 Name: Krishna Department: Human Resources Salary: 80000 DOJ: 18-May-2003

Joining Year: 2011
ID: 7 Name: Avinash Department: Human Resources Salary: 32000 DOJ: 24-Mar-2011



Department: Information Technology
Joining Year: 2003
ID: 3 Name: Mohan Department: Information Technology Salary: 50000 DOJ: 18-May-2003

Joining Year: 2005
ID: 2 Name: Prasad Department: Information Technology Salary: 25000 DOJ: 01-Dec-2005

Joining Year: 2006
ID: 1 Name: Anil Department: Information Technology Salary: 20000 DOJ: 11-Sep-2006

Distinct - 1

This sample uses Distinct to remove duplicate elements in a sequence of factors
of 300.


public void Linq36()
{
 int[] factorsOf300 = { 2, 2, 3, 5, 5 };

 var uniqueFactors = factorsOf300.Distinct();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Prime factors of 300: { 2, 2, 3, 5, 5 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Unique Prime factors of 300:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var f in uniqueFactors)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(f);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Prime factors of 300: { 2, 2, 3, 5, 5 }

Unique Prime factors of 300:

2
3
5

Distinct - 2

This sample uses Distinct to find the unique Department names.


public void Linq37()
{
 var departments = (from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Department).Distinct();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of All Departments:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in departments)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


List of All Departments:

Information Technology
Finance
Human Resources
Admin

Union - 1

This sample uses Union to create one sequence that contains the unique values from
both arrays.


public void Linq38()
{
 int[] numbersA = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }; 

 int[] numbersB = { 0, 3, 6, 9 };

 var uniqueNumbers = numbersA.Union(numbersB);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Arrays: { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }, { 0, 3, 6, 9 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Unique Numbers from both the arrays:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in uniqueNumbers)
 { 
 Console.WriteLine(n); 
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result

 
Input Arrays: { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }, { 0, 3, 6, 9 }

Unique Numbers from both the arrays:

0
2
4
6
8
3
9

Union - 2

This sample uses Union to create one sequence that contains the unique first letter
from both employee and department names.


public void Linq39()
{

 var empFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Name[0];

 var deptFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Department[0];

 var uniqueFirstChars = empFirstChars.Union(deptFirstChars);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Unique first letters from Employee Names and Department Names:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var ch in uniqueFirstChars) 
 { 
 Console.WriteLine(ch); 
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Unique first letters from Employee Names and Department Names:

A
P
M
R
K
N
I
F
H

Intersect - 1

This sample uses Intersect to create one sequence that contains the common values
shared by both arrays.


public void Linq40()
{
 int[] numbersA = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 };

 int[] numbersB = { 0, 3, 6, 9 };

 var commonNumbers = numbersA.Intersect(numbersB);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Arrays: { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }, { 0, 3, 6, 9 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Common Numbers from both the arrays:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in commonNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Arrays: { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }, { 0, 3, 6, 9 }

Common Numbers from both the arrays:

0
6

Intersect - 2

This sample uses Intersect to create one sequence that contains the common first
letter from both employee and department names.


public void Linq41()
{

 var empFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Name[0];

 var deptFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Department[0];

 var commonFirstChars = empFirstChars.Intersect(deptFirstChars);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Common first letters from Employee Names and Department Names:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var ch in commonFirstChars)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(ch);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Common first letters from Employee Names and Department Names:

A

Except - 1

This sample uses Except to create a sequence that contains the values from numbersA that
are not also in numbersB.


public void Linq42()
{
 int[] numbersA = { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 };

 int[] numbersB = { 0, 3, 6, 9 };

 var uniqueNumbers = numbersA.Except(numbersB);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Arrays: { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }, { 0, 3, 6, 9 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers in first array but not in second array:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in uniqueNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Arrays: { 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 }, { 0, 3, 6, 9 }

Numbers in first array but not in second array:

2
4
8

Except - 2

This sample uses Except to create one sequence that contains the first letters of
employee names that are not first letters of department names.


public void Linq43()
{

 var empFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Name[0];

 var deptFirstChars = from e in EmployeeList
  select e.Department[0];

 var commonFirstChars = empFirstChars.Except(deptFirstChars);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First letters from Employee Names, but not from Department Names:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var ch in commonFirstChars)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(ch);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


First letters from Employee Names, but not from Department Names:

P
M
R
K
N

ToArray

This sample uses ToArray to immediately evaluate a sequence into an array.


public void Linq44()
{
 double[] doubles = { 1.5, 2.3, 1.8, 4.2, 3.6, 5.4 };

 var sortedDoubles = from d in doubles
  orderby d descending
  select d;

 var doublesArray = sortedDoubles.ToArray();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Array of Doubles: { 1.5, 2.3, 1.8, 4.2, 3.6, 5.4 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Doubles from highest to lowest:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 for (int d = 0; d < doublesArray.Length; d  )
 {
 Console.WriteLine(doublesArray[d]);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Array of Doubles: { 1.5, 2.3, 1.8, 4.2, 3.6, 5.4 }

Doubles from highest to lowest:

5.4
4.2
3.6
2.3
1.8
1.5

ToList

This sample uses ToList to immediately evaluate Employee names into a List<T>.


public void Linq45()
{
 var employees = from e in EmployeeList
  orderby e.Department
  select e.Name;

 var empList = employees.ToList();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The Sorted Employee List:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var e in empList)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(e);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


The Sorted Employee List:

Pankaj
Narendra
Kumar
Praveen
Ravi
Krishna
Avinash
Anil
Prasad
Mohan

ToDictionary

This sample uses ToDictionary to immediately evaluate a sequence and a related key
expression into a dictionary.


public void Linq46()
{
 var salaryRecords = new[] 
  { 
  new { Name = 'Anil', Salary = 20000 },
  new { Name = 'Prasad' , Salary = 25000 },
  new { Name = 'Mohan', Salary = 50000 } 
  };

 var salaryRecordsDict = salaryRecords.ToDictionary(sr => sr.Name);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Salary Records: \n\n{ Name = \'Anil\', Salary = 20000 }\n{ Name = \'Prasad\' , Salary = 25000 }\n{ Name = \'Mohan\', Salary = 50000 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Salary Records Dictionary Items:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var rec in salaryRecordsDict)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(rec);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Salary Records:

{ Name = 'Anil', Salary = 20000 }
{ Name = 'Prasad' , Salary = 25000 }
{ Name = 'Mohan', Salary = 50000 }

Salary Records Dictionary Items:

[Anil, { Name = Anil, Salary = 20000 }]
[Prasad, { Name = Prasad, Salary = 25000 }]
[Mohan, { Name = Mohan, Salary = 50000 }]

OfType

This sample uses OfType to return only the elements of the array that are of type
string.


public void Linq47()
{ 
 object[] numbers = { null, 1.0, 'two', 3, 'four', 5, 'six', 7.0, 8, 'nine' };

 var strings = numbers.OfType<string>();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Object Array: { null, 1.0, \'two\', 3, \'four\', 5, \'six\', 7.0, 8, \'nine\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers stored as strings:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var s in strings)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(s);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Object Array: { null, 1.0, 'two', 3, 'four', 5, 'six', 7.0, 8, 'nine' }

Numbers stored as strings:

two
four
six
nine

First - Sample

This sample uses First to return the first matching element as an Employee , instead
of as a sequence containing an Employee.


public void Linq48()
{
 Employee emp = (from e in EmployeeList
  select e).First();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First Employee Record:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp));
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


First Employee Record:

ID: 1 Name: Anil Department: Information Technology Salary: 20000 DOJ: 11-Sep-2006

First - Condition

This sample uses First to find the first employee in the list joined in the year 2011.


public void Linq49()
{
 Employee emp2011 = EmployeeList.First(e => e.DateOfJoining.Year == 2011);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First Employee Record having Joining Year 2011:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(emp2011));
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


First Employee Record having Joining Year 2011:

ID: 7 Name: Avinash Department: Human Resources Salary: 32000 DOJ: 24-Mar-2011

FirstOrDefault - Sample

This sample uses FirstOrDefault to try to return the first element of the sequence,
unless there are no elements, in which case the default value for that type is returned.


public void Linq50()
{
 int[] numbers = { };

 int firstNumOrDefault = numbers.FirstOrDefault();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Array: { }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First Record Or Default Record if First Not Available:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine(firstNumOrDefault);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Array: { }

First Record Or Default Record if First Not Available:

0

FirstOrDefault - Condition

This sample uses FirstOrDefault to return the first employee who joined in the year 2002
as a single Employee object, unless there is no match, in which case null is returned.


public void Linq51()
{
 var emp2002 = EmployeeList.FirstOrDefault(emp => emp.DateOfJoining.Year == 2002);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First Record Or Default Record if First Not Available:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Any Employee Joined in the Year 2002: {0}', emp2002 != null);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


First Record Or Default Record if First Not Available:

Any Employee Joined in the Year 2002: False

ElementAt

This sample uses ElementAt to retrieve the second number greater than 5 from an
array.


public void Linq52()
{
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 int fourthLowNum = (from n in numbers 
  where n > 5 
  select n).ElementAt(1);

 // second number is index 1 because sequences use 0-based indexing 
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Array: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Second Number > 5: {0}', fourthLowNum);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Input Array: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

Second Number > 5: 8

Range

This sample uses Range to generate a sequence of numbers from 1 to 10 that is
used to find which numbers in that range are odd and even.


public void Linq53()
{
 var numbers = from n in Enumerable.Range(1, 10)
  select new
  {
  Number = n,
  OddEven = n % 2 == 1 ? 'Odd' : 'Even'
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers from 1 to 10, identify Odd/Even');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in numbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('The Number {0} is {1}.', n.Number, n.OddEven);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Numbers from 1 to 10, identify Odd/Even

The Number 1 is Odd.
The Number 2 is Even.
The Number 3 is Odd.
The Number 4 is Even.
The Number 5 is Odd.
The Number 6 is Even.
The Number 7 is Odd.
The Number 8 is Even.
The Number 9 is Odd.
The Number 10 is Even.

Repeat

This sample uses Repeat to generate a sequence that contains the last employee 5 times.


public void Linq54()
{
 var employees = Enumerable.Repeat<Employee>(EmployeeList.Last(), 5);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Print Last Employee Record 5 times');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var e in employees)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(e));
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


Print Last Employee Record 5 times

ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011
ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011
ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011
ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011
ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011

Any - Sample

This sample uses Any to determine if any of the employee names contain the substring
'an'.


public void Linq55() 
{
 bool nAfterA = EmployeeList.Any(emp => emp.Name.Contains('an'));

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('There are employees whose name contains 'an': {0}', nAfterA);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


There are employees whose name contains 'an': True

Any - Grouped

This sample uses Any to return a department grouped list of Employees for the Departments
that have at least one employee joined in the year 2011.


public void Linq56()
{ 
 var deptGroups = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  where g.Any(e => e.DateOfJoining.Year == 2011)
  select new 
  { 
  Dept = g.Key, 
  Employees = g 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List out the Departments which is having any of the employees under that department joined in 2011.');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var grp in deptGroups)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(grp.Dept); 
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
List out the Departments which is having any of the employees under that department joined in 2011.

Human Resources
Admin

All - Sample

This sample uses All to determine whether all the employees salraries are less than 100000.


public void Linq57()
{
 bool allSalLessThanOneLakh = EmployeeList.All(emp => emp.Salary < 100000);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All the employees salaries are lesser than 100000: {0}', allSalLessThanOneLakh);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


All the employees salaries are lesser than 100000: True

All - Grouped

This sample uses All to return department grouped a list of employees for departments
that have all of their employees joined before 2009.


public void Linq58()
{
 var deptGroups = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  where g.All(e => e.DateOfJoining.Year < 2009)
  select new 
  { 
  Dept = g.Key, 
  Employees = g 
  };


 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List out the Departments which is having all the employees under that department joined before 2009.');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var grp in deptGroups)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(grp.Dept);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
List out the Departments which is having all the employees under that department joined before 2009.

Information Technology

Count - Sample

This sample uses Count to get the number of Employees.


public void Linq59()
{
 int noOfEmployees = EmployeeList.Count();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('No of Employees: {0}', noOfEmployees.ToString());
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
No of Employees: 10

Count - Conditional

This sample uses Count to get the number of employees having salary is more than 50000.


public void Linq60()
{
 int noOfEmployeesSalMoreThan50000 = EmployeeList.Count(emp => emp.Salary > 50000);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('No of Employees having Salary more than 50000: {0}', noOfEmployeesSalMoreThan50000.ToString());
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
No of Employees having Salary more than 50000: 1

Count - Grouped

This sample uses Count to return a list of departments and number of employees each
has.


public void Linq61()
{
 var deptEmpCounts = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  select new 
  { 
  Department = g.Key, 
  EmpCount = g.Count() 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of Departments with Employee Count in each Department:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmpCounts)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Department   ': '   dept.EmpCount.ToString());
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
List of Departments with Employee Count in each Department:

Information Technology: 3
Finance: 2
Human Resources: 2
Admin: 3

Sum - Sample

This sample uses Sum to get the sum of the numbers from 1 to 50.


public void Linq62()
{
 int sumOfNumbers1To50 = Enumerable.Range(1, 50).Sum();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Sum of Numbers from 1 to 50: {0}', sumOfNumbers1To50);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Sum of Numbers from 1 to 50: 1275

Sum - Projection

This sample uses Sum to get the sum of Odd Numbers and Sum of Even Numbers from 1 to 50.


public void Linq63()
{
 int sumOfOddNumbers1To50 = Enumerable.Range(1, 50).Sum(n => (n % 2 == 1) ? n : 0);

 int sumOfEvenNumbers1To50 = Enumerable.Range(1, 50).Sum(n => (n % 2 == 0) ? n : 0);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Sum of Odd Numbers from 1 to 50: {0}', sumOfOddNumbers1To50);
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Sum of Even Numbers from 1 to 50: {0}', sumOfEvenNumbers1To50);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


   
Sum of Odd Numbers from 1 to 50: 625

Sum of Even Numbers from 1 to 50: 650

Sum - Grouped

This sample uses Sum to get the total employee salary for each Department.


public void Linq64()
{
 var deptEmpSal = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  select new 
  { 
  Department = g.Key, 
  SumEmpSal = g.Sum(e=> e.Salary) 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of Departments with Sum of Employee Salaries:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmpSal)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Department   ': '   dept.SumEmpSal.ToString());
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
List of Departments with Sum of Employee Salaries:

Information Technology: 95000
Finance: 62000
Human Resources: 112000
Admin: 56000

Min/Max/Average - Sample

This sample uses Min/Max/Average to get the lowest number in an array.


public void Linq65()
{
 int[] numbers = { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 int minNum = numbers.Min();

 int maxNum = numbers.Max();

 double avg = numbers.Average();

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Array: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The minimum number is {0}.', minNum);
 Console.WriteLine('The maximum number is {0}.', maxNum);
 Console.WriteLine('The Average is {0}.', avg);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Input Array: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

The minimum number is 0.
The maximum number is 9.
The Average is 4.5.

Min/Max/Average - Projection

This sample uses Min/Max/Average to get the min/max/avg salaries among all the employees.


public void Linq66()
{
 double minSalary = EmployeeList.Min(emp => emp.Salary);

 double maxSalary = EmployeeList.Max(emp => emp.Salary);

 double avgSalary = EmployeeList.Average(emp => emp.Salary);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Lowest Salary is: {0}', minSalary);
 Console.WriteLine('Highest Salary is: {0}', maxSalary);
 Console.WriteLine('Average Salary is: {0}', avgSalary);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Lowest Salary is: 10000
Highest Salary is: 80000
Average Salary is: 32500

Min/Max/Average - Grouped

This sample uses Min/Max/Average to get the min/max/avg salary among each Department's Employees.


public void Linq67()
{
 var deptEmpSals = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  select new 
  { 
  Department = g.Key, 
  MinSalary = g.Min(e => e.Salary), 
  MaxSalary = g.Max(e => e.Salary), 
  AvgSalary = g.Average(e => e.Salary) 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of Departments with Lowest/Highest/Average Salaries:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmpSals)
 { 
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Department   '\nMin Salary: '   dept.MinSalary.ToString()   '\nMax Salary: '   dept.MaxSalary.ToString()   '\nAvg Salary: '   dept.AvgSalary.ToString());
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
List of Departments with Lowest/Highest/Average Salaries:

Information Technology
Min Salary: 20000
Max Salary: 50000
Avg Salary: 31666.6666666667

Finance
Min Salary: 22000
Max Salary: 40000
Avg Salary: 31000

Human Resources
Min Salary: 32000
Max Salary: 80000
Avg Salary: 56000

Admin
Min Salary: 10000
Max Salary: 28000
Avg Salary: 18666.6666666667

Min/Max - Elements

This sample uses Min/Max to get the Employees with the Lowest/Highest paid in each department.


public void Linq68()
{
 var deptEmpSals = from e in EmployeeList
  group e by e.Department into g
  let maxSal = g.Max(e => e.Salary)
  let minSal = g.Min(e => e.Salary)
  select new 
  { 
  Department = g.Key, 
  LowestPaid = g.Where(e => e.Salary == minSal), 
  HighestPaid = g.Where(e => e.Salary == maxSal) 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('List of Departments with Lowest/Highest Paid Employees:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmpSals)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Department);
 Console.WriteLine('Lowest Paid:');
 foreach (var lowestPaid in dept.LowestPaid)
  {
   Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(lowestPaid));
  }
 Console.WriteLine('Highest Paid:');
 foreach (var highestPaid in dept.HighestPaid)
  {
   Console.WriteLine(FormatEmployeeInformation(highestPaid));
  }
 Console.WriteLine();
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
List of Departments with Lowest/Highest Paid Employees:

Information Technology
Lowest Paid:
ID: 1 Name: Anil Department: Information Technology Salary: 20000 DOJ: 11-Sep-2006
Highest Paid:
ID: 3 Name: Mohan Department: Information Technology Salary: 50000 DOJ: 18-May-2003

Finance
Lowest Paid:
ID: 4 Name: Praveen Department: Finance Salary: 22000 DOJ: 10-Feb-2010
Highest Paid:
ID: 5 Name: Ravi Department: Finance Salary: 40000 DOJ: 16-Jun-2007

Human Resources
Lowest Paid:
ID: 7 Name: Avinash Department: Human Resources Salary: 32000 DOJ: 24-Mar-2011
Highest Paid:
ID: 6 Name: Krishna Department: Human Resources Salary: 80000 DOJ: 18-May-2003

Admin
Lowest Paid:
ID: 10 Name: Kumar Department: Admin Salary: 10000 DOJ: 08-Sep-2011
Highest Paid:
ID: 8 Name: Pankaj Department: Admin Salary: 28000 DOJ: 09-Apr-2009

Aggregate - Sample

This sample uses Aggregate to create a running product on the array that calculates
the total product of all elements.


public void Linq69()
{
 double[] doubles = { 1.7, 2.3, 1.9, 4.1, 2.9, 3.5, 8.9 }; 

 double product = doubles.Aggregate((runningProduct, nextFactor) => runningProduct * nextFactor);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Input Doubles: { 1.7, 2.3, 1.9, 4.1, 2.9, 3.5, 8.9 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Total Product of all numbers: {0}', product);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Input Doubles: { 1.7, 2.3, 1.9, 4.1, 2.9, 3.5, 8.9 }

Total Product of all numbers: 2751.5047315

Aggregate - Seed

This sample uses Aggregate to create a running account balance that subtracts each
withdrawal from the initial balance of 1000, as long as the balance never drops below
0


public void Linq70()
{
 double startBalance = 1000.0; 

 int[] attemptedWithdrawals = { 200, 100, 400, 500, 100, 700, 300 };
 
 double endBalance = attemptedWithdrawals.Aggregate(startBalance, (balance, nextWithdrawal) => 
   ((nextWithdrawal <= balance) ? (balance - nextWithdrawal) : balance));

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Starting Balance: 1000.00');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Attempted Withdrawals: { 200, 100, 400, 500, 100, 700, 300 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Ending Balance: {0}', endBalance);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Starting Balance: 1000.00

Attempted Withdrawals: { 200, 100, 400, 500, 100, 700, 300 }

Ending Balance: 200

Concat - 1

This sample uses Concat to create one sequence that contains each array's values,
one after the other.


public void Linq71()
{
 int[] numbersA = { 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 }; 

 int[] numbersB = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 }; 

 var allNumbers = numbersA.Concat(numbersB);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Array 1: { 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 }');
 Console.WriteLine('Array 2: { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All numbers from both arrays:'); 
 foreach (var n in allNumbers)
 { 
 Console.WriteLine(n); 
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


   
Array 1: { 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 }
Array 2: { 1, 3, 5, 7, 8 }

All numbers from both arrays:
0
2
4
5
6
8
9
1
3
5
7
8

Concat - 2

This sample uses Concat to create one sequence that contains the names of all employees
and departments, including any duplicates.


   
public void Linq72()
{
 var keyWords = EmployeeList.Select(e => e.Name).Concat(EmployeeList.Select(e => e.Department));

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('All Employees and Department Names:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var n in keyWords)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


   
All Employees and Department Names:

Anil
Prasad
Mohan
Praveen
Ravi
Krishna
Avinash
Pankaj
Narendra
Kumar
Information Technology
Information Technology
Information Technology
Finance
Finance
Human Resources
Human Resources
Admin
Admin
Admin

SequenceEqual

This sample uses SequenceEqual to see if two sequences match on all elements in the same
order.


public void Linq73()
{
 var wordsA = new string[] { 'microsoft', 'adobe', 'google' };

 var wordsB = new string[] { 'microsoft', 'adobe', 'google' };

 bool match = wordsA.SequenceEqual(wordsB);

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Sequence 1: { \'microsoft\', \'adobe\', \'google\' }');
 Console.WriteLine('Sequence 2: { \'microsoft\', \'adobe\', \'google\' }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('The sequences match: {0}', match);
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Sequence 1: { 'microsoft', 'adobe', 'google' }
Sequence 2: { 'microsoft', 'adobe', 'google' }

The sequences match: True

Cross Join

This sample shows how to efficiently join elements of two sequences.


public void Linq74()
{
 var deptCrossEmps = from d in DepartmentList
  join e in EmployeeList on 1 equals 1
  select new 
  { 
  Dept = d.Name, 
  EmployeeName = e.Name 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Department Cross Join Employee');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var deptEmp in deptCrossEmps)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(deptEmp.Dept   ': '   deptEmp.EmployeeName);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Department Cross Join Employee

Admin: Anil
Admin: Prasad
Admin: Mohan
Admin: Praveen
Admin: Ravi
Admin: Krishna
Admin: Avinash
Admin: Pankaj
Admin: Narendra
Admin: Kumar
Finance: Anil
Finance: Prasad
Finance: Mohan
Finance: Praveen
Finance: Ravi
Finance: Krishna
Finance: Avinash
Finance: Pankaj
Finance: Narendra
Finance: Kumar
Human Resources: Anil
Human Resources: Prasad
Human Resources: Mohan
Human Resources: Praveen
Human Resources: Ravi
Human Resources: Krishna
Human Resources: Avinash
Human Resources: Pankaj
Human Resources: Narendra
Human Resources: Kumar
Information Technology: Anil
Information Technology: Prasad
Information Technology: Mohan
Information Technology: Praveen
Information Technology: Ravi
Information Technology: Krishna
Information Technology: Avinash
Information Technology: Pankaj
Information Technology: Narendra
Information Technology: Kumar
Sales: Anil
Sales: Prasad
Sales: Mohan
Sales: Praveen
Sales: Ravi
Sales: Krishna
Sales: Avinash
Sales: Pankaj
Sales: Narendra
Sales: Kumar

Group/Inner Join

Using a group/inner join you can get all the Employees that match a given Department bundled
as a sequence.


public void Linq75()
{
 var deptEmps = from d in DepartmentList
  join e in EmployeeList on d.Name equals e.Department
  select new 
  { 
  Dept = d.Name, 
  EmployeeName = e.Name 
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Department Group/Inner Join Employee');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmps)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Dept   ': '   dept.EmployeeName);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Department Group/Inner Join Employee

Admin: Pankaj
Admin: Narendra
Admin: Kumar
Finance: Praveen
Finance: Ravi
Human Resources: Krishna
Human Resources: Avinash
Information Technology: Anil
Information Technology: Prasad
Information Technology: Mohan

Left Outer Join

A so-called outer join can be expressed with a group join. A left outer join is like
a cross join, except that all the left hand side elements get included at least
once, even if they don't match any right hand side elements. Note how Sales Department shows
up in the output even though it has no employees.


public void Linq76()
{
 var deptEmps = from d in DepartmentList
  join e in EmployeeList on d.Name equals e.Department into de
  from e in de.DefaultIfEmpty()
  select new
  {
  Department = d.Name,
  EmpName = e == null ? '(No Employees Present)' : e.Name
  };

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Department Left Outer Join Employee');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var dept in deptEmps)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(dept.Department   ': '   dept.EmpName);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Department Left Outer Join Employee

Admin: Pankaj
Admin: Narendra
Admin: Kumar
Finance: Praveen
Finance: Ravi
Human Resources: Krishna
Human Resources: Avinash
Information Technology: Anil
Information Technology: Prasad
Information Technology: Mohan
Sales: (No Employees Present)

Deferred Execution

The following sample shows how query execution is deferred until the query is enumerated
at a foreach statement.


public void Linq77()
{
 // Sequence operators form first-class queries that are not executed until you enumerate over them. 
 int[] numbers = new int[] { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 int i = 0;

 var q = from n in numbers
 select   i;

 // Note, the local variable 'i' is not incremented 
 // until each element is evaluated (as a side-effect): 
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Deferred Execution');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var v in q)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('v = {0}, i = {1}', v, i);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Deferred Execution

v = 1, i = 1
v = 2, i = 2
v = 3, i = 3
v = 4, i = 4
v = 5, i = 5
v = 6, i = 6
v = 7, i = 7
v = 8, i = 8
v = 9, i = 9
v = 10, i = 10

Immediate Execution

The following sample shows how queries can be executed immediately with operators
such as ToList().


public void Linq78()
{
 // Methods like ToList() cause the query to be executed immediately, caching the results. 
 int[] numbers = new int[] { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 int i = 0;

 var q = (from n in numbers
 select   i).ToList();

 // The local variable i has already been fully // incremented before we iterate the results: 
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Immediate Execution');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (var v in q)
 {
 Console.WriteLine('v = {0}, i = {1}', v, i);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Immediate Execution

v = 1, i = 10
v = 2, i = 10
v = 3, i = 10
v = 4, i = 10
v = 5, i = 10
v = 6, i = 10
v = 7, i = 10
v = 8, i = 10
v = 9, i = 10
v = 10, i = 10

Query Reuse

The following sample shows how, because of deferred execution, queries can be used
again after data changes and will then operate on the new data.


public void Linq79()
{
 // Deferred execution lets us define a query once 
 // and then reuse it later after data changes. 
 int[] numbers = new int[] { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 };

 var lowNumbers = from n in numbers
  where n <= 3
  select n;

 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('Numbers Array: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }');
 Console.WriteLine();
 Console.WriteLine('First run numbers <= 3:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (int n in lowNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();

 for (int i = 0; i < 10; i  )
 {
 numbers[i] = -numbers[i];
 }

 // During this second run, the same query object, 
 // lowNumbers, will be iterating over the new state 
 // of numbers[], producing different results:

 Console.WriteLine('Second run numbers <= 3:');
 Console.WriteLine();
 foreach (int n in lowNumbers)
 {
 Console.WriteLine(n);
 }
 Console.WriteLine();
}

Result


  
Numbers Array: { 5, 4, 1, 3, 9, 8, 6, 7, 2, 0 }

First run numbers <= 3:

1
3
2
0

Second run numbers <= 3:

-5
-4
-1
-3
-9
-8
-6
-7
-2
0

Conclusion

LINQ techiniques are broadly covered in the above examples with results with sample data. Provide your comments/suggestions for further improvement.

Related tags

LINQ, LINQ Examples, LINQ Code Snippets, LINQ Samples